Bhumihar Genetics: Difference between revisions
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On average, 31.32% | '''Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%,''' with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry. | ||
Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA, which is | Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. '''The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA'''<ref>https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487</ref>''', which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes''', reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan. | ||
The 2024 study Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India likewise identified the sampled Bihari Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the | The 2024 study ''[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India]''<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.]</ref> likewise identified the sampled Bihari '''Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs'''. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. ''et al.'' The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. ''BMC Genet'' '''21''' (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).]</ref>, Human Genetics (2021)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12959898/ Das, Ranajit & Ivanisenko, Vladimir & Anashkina, Anastasia & Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.] </ref>, bioRxiv (2022)<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362173947_Genetic_affinities_and_sub-structuring_in_Coorg_population_of_Southern_India Mukhopadhyay, Anirban & Kumar, Lomous & Sran, Kiran & Thangaraj, Kumarasamy & Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.] </ref> and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38079532/ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.]</ref> '''similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars''' than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts. | ||
== Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University & Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1 == | |||
== Bhumihar Genetics according to | |||
Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes & tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University. | Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes & tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University. | ||
This research | This research paper-“[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia]”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows: | ||
=== ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups"'' === | === ''(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups"'' === | ||
| Line 26: | Line 21: | ||
=== (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. === | === (D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. === | ||
In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. | In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, '''Bihari Bhumihars''' '''were found to have higher''' '''Steppe ancestry''' than '''Gangetic Plains Brahmins''' and '''Rajputs'''. They were also found to have lower '''Indigenous ancestry''', for which '''AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)''' was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs. | ||
{| style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" | ||
| [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG), Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG), respectively.]] | | [[File:G7.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 1''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''28.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''21.3%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (26.4% Steppe, 24.8% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (27.0% Steppe, 23.6% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (24.0% Steppe, 18.8% AHG), and '''Rajputs (23.5% Steppe, 25% AHG)''', respectively. ]] | ||
| [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG), Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG), respectively.]] | | [[File:G4.png|350px|thumb|'''Model 2''' Bihari Bhumihars are estimated to have '''26.3%''' Central Steppe_MLBA-related ancestry and '''26.4%''' AHG-related ancestry, compared with '''Brahmin_UP (25.0% Steppe, 29.1% AHG)''', Brahmin_Tiwari (25.2% Steppe, 28.2% AHG), Brahmin_Haryana (23.1% Steppe, 25.2% AHG), and '''Rajputs (21.9% Steppe, 29.5% AHG)''', respectively.]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet''' '''given above''' - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned & widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - '''[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487 "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia."]''' | |||
Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the "Supplementary Material" section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it. | |||
Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named '''"File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx),"''' under the "Supplementary Material" section. Download it. | |||
Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the '''"Table S5"''' inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the '''entire ancestry data of major Indian castes''' that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich. | |||
== Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2 == | |||
''' | The 2024 research [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India] applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and '''Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe)'''. Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe). | ||
Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 '''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024'''] | Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. '''Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars'''.[[File:IMG 20260806 103606 481.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666247724000447 Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024]. This table is inside the sheet-S6 of the downloadable supplementary spreadsheet given with the research paper. |586x586px]]'''How to access this''' '''and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper''' - Official Link: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.06.498959v3 "'''Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024"'''] | ||
Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper | Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the '''"Supplemental information"''' section, under it you'll find the '''"Download spreadsheet"''' option. You have to '''download it''' to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables. | ||
Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the table number 'S6' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted | Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the '''table number 'S6'''' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry '''qpAdm runs from the research posted above'''. | ||
== Research Paper 3 == | |||
Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020]"<blockquote>The scientific research states -'''''"Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component"'''''</blockquote>[[File:BabhanGenetics04.jpg|center|thumb|691x691px|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2 The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent - BMC Genomics, 2020]]] | |||
== Research | == Oxford University research paper & Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4 == | ||
[https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] shows that '''Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs''', Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models. | |||
[[File: | [[File:Genome.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]|540x540px]] | ||
== | === Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other === | ||
[https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Oxford University research paper] highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, '''UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together'''. <blockquote>The scientists say in the research that - '''''"We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other"'''''</blockquote> | |||
[[File: | [[File:301124f1-7e3d-4144-b2d9-5b71f0d677ac.jpg|center|thumb|513x513px|Source: [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/12/evad225/7469372 Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India - Genome Biology and Evolution, 2023]]] | ||
== Research Paper 5 == | == Research Paper 5 == | ||
According to a 2022 | According to a [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 2021 research], Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. '''This research showed results of 3 different models.''' | ||
[[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]]] | [[File:Hgenome-1.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]] | ||
[[File:Hgenome-2.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]] | |||
[[File:Hgenome-3.png|center|thumb|Source: [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-021-02346-4 Dissecting the genetic history of the Roman Catholic populations of West Coast India - Human Genetics, 2021]]] | |||
== 2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6 == | |||
Scientists from the government '''Central Forensic Science Laboratory''' reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that '''Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins'''. <blockquote>Scientists wrote in their '''conclusion''' - '''''"The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large."'''''</blockquote> | |||
[[File:6006dfbe.jpg|alt=Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.|center|thumb|746x746px|Source: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10578889_Genetic_profile_based_upon_15_microsatellites_of_four_caste_groups_of_the_eastern_Indian_state_Bihar Genetic profile based upon 15 microsatellites of four caste groups of the eastern Indian state, Bihar. 2003]]] | |||
== Research Paper 7 == | |||
According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research. | |||
[[File:Rxiv.jpg|center|thumb|Source: [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.20.500704v1 Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India - 2022]|547x547px]] | |||
== | == Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry == | ||
[[wikipedia:Razib_Khan|Razib Khan]], a popular American geneticist who used to write for [[wikipedia:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]], has stated in his [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ official Blog] that '''Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry''' '''and moderate AASI ancestry''' compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari. <blockquote>He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that "'''''Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI.'''''"</blockquote>[[File:B108cceb-196c-4ef3-8949-ae6a2d7558d2.jpg|center|thumb|434x434px|Source/Link - [https://www.brownpundits.com/2018/09/01/takeaways-from-the-golden-age-of-indian-population-genetics/ Razib Khan's official Blog]]] | |||
[[File: | |||
== Summary == | == Summary == | ||
Genetic studies | Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns. | ||
Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical | Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 14:20, 1 September 2026
Bhumihar Steppe ancestry ranges from 27% to 37%, SAHG/AASI from 28% to 36%, with the remainder being IVC Farmer ancestry. On average, a Bhumihar individual carries 31.32% Steppe_MLBA, 33.31% AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) and 35.36% IVC-related / Indus Periphery farmer ancestry.
Across multiple genetic studies published between 2019 and 2024, Bhumihars consistently show higher Steppe-related ancestry and lower Indigenous (AHG/Onge-related proxy) ancestry than Brahmins and Rajputs. The landmark 2019 Harvard University research on South Asian caste genetics/DNA[1], which is to date the largest and most renowned study on the genetics of Indian castes, reported disproportionately high Steppe ancestry in Bhumihars compared to Brahmins, Rajputs, Gangetic castes, and the non-Jat/Ror/Pashtun castes of North-West India and Pakistan.
The 2024 study Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India[2] likewise identified the sampled Bihari Bhumihars as having the highest Steppe ancestry among the sampled Brahmin groups, placing them above the Brahmin Tiwari, Saryuparin and West Bengal Brahmin groups, as well as the Rajputs. Independent studies published in BMC Genomics (2020)[3], Human Genetics (2021)[4], bioRxiv (2022)[5] and Genome Biology and Evolution (2023)[6] similarly reported comparatively high Steppe-related and European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry in Bhumihars than in several other sampled caste groups, including Brahmins, Rajputs, Kambojs, Dogras, Gujjars, Nairs, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, and Bunts.
Bhumihar Genetics according to Harvard University & Dr.David Reich - Research Paper 1
Harvard University’s professors and 114+ genetic scientists from across the globe conducted the most extensive and detailed genetic research on Indian castes & tribes, headed by David Reich, world’s leading geneticist and the director of David Reich Lab at the Harvard University.
This research paper-“The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia”, highlighted several points about Bhumihars as follows:
(A) “Steppe ancestry in modern South Asians is primarily from males and disproportionately high in Brahmin and Bhumihar groups"
(B) “Groups that traditionally view themselves as being of priestly status (Brahmin, Pandit, and Bhumihar) tend to have a significantly higher ratio of Central_Steppe_MLBA to Indus_Periphery_Cline ancestry than other groups”
(C) Strongest signals of Steppe ancestry in the Gangetic plains were found amongst the Bihari Bhumihars
(D) According to David Reich's genetic research, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry and lower AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer)-proxy Indigenous ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs.
In the DNA research on Indian castes by Dr. David Reich, Harvard University and world's most renowned genetic scientist, Bihari Bhumihars were found to have higher Steppe ancestry than Gangetic Plains Brahmins and Rajputs. They were also found to have lower Indigenous ancestry, for which AHG (Andamanese Hunter-Gatherer) was used as a proxy, compared with Gangetic Brahmins and Rajputs.
 |
 |
How to access Harvard research paper's caste ancestry spreadsheet given above - The exact ancestry percentages are provided in David Reich's renowned & widely cited research paper on Indian populations. Official Link - "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia."
Step 1) Scroll down and navigate to the "Supplementary Material" section at the end of the paper and there will be several downloadable files under it.
Step 2) You will find a downloadable spreadsheet file named "File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx)," under the "Supplementary Material" section. Download it.
Step 3) After downloading the spreadsheet mentioned in the previous step, go the the "Table S5" inside the spreadsheets and there you'll find the entire ancestry data of major Indian castes that were part of Harvard's research by Dr. David Reich.
Bhumihars show the highest Steppe ancestry among Brahmin groups in the 2024 genetics/DNA research - Research Paper 2
The 2024 research Distinct Positions of Genetic and Oral Histories: Perspectives from India applied qpAdm modeling to find the proportions of Steppe and Onge-related (AASI or the indigenous Indian component) ancestry and Bhumihars of Bihar came out to have the highest Steppe ancestry (29.0%) among the Brahmin groups, more than Brahmin Tiwari (27.9%), Saryuparin Brahmins (26.1% Steppe), and West Bengal Brahmins (22.3% Steppe). Their estimated Steppe ancestry was also higher than that of the sampled Rajputs (20.8% Steppe) and Khatris (26.9% Steppe).
Conversely, Bhumihars displayed the lowest Onge-related ancestry (20.7%) among the Brahmin groups in the dataset, lower than Brahmin Tiwari (23.4%), Saryupari Brahmins (22.8%), West Bengal Brahmins (30.6%), Rajputs (21.9%) but the Khatris (11.6%) have even lower Onge related ancestry than Bhumihars. Khatris showed nearly half the amount of Onge-related ancestry compared to Gangetic Brahmins and the Bihari Bhumihars.
How to access this and view the above given spreadsheet from the research paper - Official Link: "Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India, 2024"
Step 1) Go to the link of the research paper and scroll down or navigate to the "Supplemental information" section, under it you'll find the "Download spreadsheet" option. You have to download it to view the entire spreadsheet file containing multiple tables.
Step 2) Inside the spreadsheet, go to the table number 'S6' to find the spreadsheet of the ancestry qpAdm runs from the research posted above.
Research Paper 3
Bhumihars show higher Steppe ancestry compared to other caste groups such as Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Yadavs and Shrivastavas according to a 2020 scientific genetic research titled "The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent -BMC Genomics, 2020"
The scientific research states -"Bhumihars contained the highest fraction of the Steppe ancestry component"
Oxford University research paper & Bhumihar genetics - Research paper 4
Oxford University research paper shows that Bhumihars have higher Steppe ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Brahmins, Gujjars, Yadavs, Nairs, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Bunts on 2 different models.
Oxford University research paper says that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins form clade with each other
Oxford University research paper highlights that UP Bhumihars and Brahmins are very closely genetically related and form clade with each other, in simpe words, UP Bhumihars and Brahmins share a recent common ancestry and genetically cluster together.
The scientists say in the research that - "We found that Brahmin_Tiwari and Bhumihar_UP forms clade with each other"
Research Paper 5
According to a 2021 research, Bihari Bhumihars have higher Eastern European Hunter Gatherer, Western Steppe and Central Steppe than other groups like Kambojs, Dogras, Haviks and Brahmins. This research showed results of 3 different models.
2003 Central Forensic Science Laboratory genetic research says Bhumihars cluster with Brahmins - Research Paper 6
Scientists from the government Central Forensic Science Laboratory reported in their scientific research paper about Bihari upper castes, that Bhumihars were found to be genetically clustering with Brahmins.
Scientists wrote in their conclusion - "The study highlights the status of Bhumihar and Kayasth in the Hindu caste system. The former was found clustering with the Brahmin group (as expected, since Bhumihar is known to be a subclass of Brahmin), whereas the distance between the Brahmin and Kayasth caste groups was found to be large."
Research Paper 7
According to a 2022 research Bhumihars have higher Steppe_MLBA ancestry than other groups like Kambojs, Gujjars, Nairs, Brahmins, Dogras, Srivastavas, Reddys, Yadavs, Bunts etc sampled in the research.
Geneticist Razib Khan's comments on Bhumihar genetics and their Steppe/AASI ancestry
Razib Khan, a popular American geneticist who used to write for The New York Times, has stated in his official Blog that Bhumihars have higher levels of Steppe ancestry and moderate AASI ancestry compared with the average Indian and the average Bihari.
He remarked, regarding Bhumihars, that "Bhumihar people in Bihar tend to have more steppe than typical and average amounts of AASI."
Summary
Genetic studies published between 2019 to 2024 suggest that the Bhumihars carry a slightly higher proportion of Bronze Age Steppe ancestry compared to other upper castes of the Indo-Gangetic plains and beyond, except for Jats, Rors and Pashtuns.
Researchers suggest this pattern stems from early historical admixture, as occurred during the formation of all Indian castes, which was then preserved through centuries of endogamy.
References
- ↑ https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7487
- ↑ Biddanda A, Bandyopadhyay E, de la Fuente Castro C, Witonsky D, Urban Aragon JA, Pasupuleti N, Moots HM, Fonseca R, Freilich S, Stanisavic J, Willis T, Menon A, Mustak MS, Kodira CD, Naren AP, Sikdar M, Rai N, Raghavan M. Distinct positions of genetic and oral histories: Perspectives from India. HGG Adv. 2024 Jul 18;5(3):100305. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100305. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38720459; PMCID: PMC11153255.
- ↑ Das, R., Ivanisenko, V.A., Anashkina, A.A. et al. The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genet 21 (Suppl 1), 117 (2020).
- ↑ Das, Ranajit & Ivanisenko, Vladimir & Anashkina, Anastasia & Upadhyai, Priyanka. (2020). The story of the lost twins: decoding the genetic identities of the Kumhar and Kurcha populations from the Indian subcontinent. BMC Genetics. 21. 24-28. 10.1186/s12863-020-00919-2.
- ↑ Mukhopadhyay, Anirban & Kumar, Lomous & Sran, Kiran & Thangaraj, Kumarasamy & Thelma, B. (2022). Genetic affinities and sub-structuring in Coorg population of Southern India. 10.1101/2022.07.20.500704.
- ↑ Kumar L, Chowdhari A, Sequeira JJ, Mustak MS, Banerjee M, Thangaraj K. Genetic Affinities and Adaptation of the South-West Coast Populations of India. Genome Biol Evol. 2023 Dec 1;15(12):evad225. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evad225. PMID: 38079532; PMCID: PMC10745260.